在ACCA考試中,F(xiàn)A科目里depreciation是一個(gè)高頻的計(jì)算類考點(diǎn),并且折舊的計(jì)算也是同學(xué)們必須要掌握牢的知識(shí)點(diǎn),對(duì)此,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)今天就跟大家詳解depreciation這個(gè)考點(diǎn)內(nèi)容。
01、折舊的定義?
折舊depreciation是指在固定資產(chǎn)使用壽命內(nèi),按照確定的方法對(duì)應(yīng)計(jì)折舊額進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分?jǐn)偂?/p>
折舊反映了固定資產(chǎn)non-current asset由于使用而逐漸損耗的價(jià)值。折舊的金額符合會(huì)計(jì)上的“配比”原則,與固定資產(chǎn)在使用期間產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益相配比。
02、折舊的范圍?
在FA的考試中,企業(yè)應(yīng)對(duì)所有固定資產(chǎn)計(jì)提折舊,但land土地由于預(yù)計(jì)使用年限不確定除外。
03、折舊的起訖時(shí)間?
企業(yè)購買固定資產(chǎn)可能在一年的年初,也可能在年中,這時(shí)折舊的計(jì)算就會(huì)涉及到兩種時(shí)間基礎(chǔ)。
一是按月計(jì)提折舊(monthly pro- rata basis或charged proportionately in the year of purchase and disposal),按月為分配單位把每個(gè)月的折舊相加計(jì)算出全年的折舊;
二是按全年計(jì)提折舊(full year basis),題目往往會(huì)描述成——charge a full year’s depreciation in the year it is purchased and no depreciation in the year it is disposed of,指在購買當(dāng)年全年計(jì)提折舊,而在處置當(dāng)年不考慮折舊。另外需要注意已經(jīng)提足折舊但仍在繼續(xù)使用的固定資產(chǎn)不再繼續(xù)計(jì)提depreciation。
04、影響固定資產(chǎn)折舊的因素?
影響折舊額的因素有以下幾類:
(1)cost,固定資產(chǎn)的原值
(2)預(yù)計(jì)凈殘值,scrap value,在FA的考試中題目往往會(huì)提前告知
(3)使用壽命,useful life
(4)固定資產(chǎn)折舊方法,在FA的考試中僅考查直線法straight line method和余額遞減法reducing balance method
(5)折舊率:depreciation rate
05、固定資產(chǎn)折舊方法
接下來,我們來詳細(xì)介紹在直線法和余額遞減法兩類不同折舊方法下折舊額的計(jì)算。
(1)直線法straight line method:The straight line method provided that it is reasonable to assume that the business enjoys equal benefits from the use of the asst in every period throughout its life,直線法下假設(shè)資產(chǎn)給企業(yè)帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益在每年都是平均的,按照固定資產(chǎn)成本的百分比(折舊率)來計(jì)提每年的折舊。
直線法下每年的折舊金額是一樣的,計(jì)算公式=(cost-scrap value)/estimated useful life。
在考試中,題目往往會(huì)給出直線法下的折舊率X%,這里的X%=annual depreciation amount/(cost-scrap value)。
例如,a non-current asset costing $20000 with an expected residual value of nil and an expected useful life of 10 years.
The depreciation charge per annually is 10% of cost.
注意:這里的10%并不是余額遞減法下的折舊率,而是1/10(預(yù)計(jì)使用壽命)得到的10%。
例題:
Wilson bought a machine on 1 January 20X5 for $130000. The machine was depreciated at 20% on a straight line basis with proportional charge in the year of acquisition and disposal.
On 1 April 20X8 Wilson sold the machine and made a loss on disposal of $6300.
What were the disposal proceeds that Wilson received for the machine?
答案:39200
解析:
解題關(guān)鍵詞:直線法計(jì)提折舊;按月計(jì)提折舊。
固定資產(chǎn)從1 January 20X5持有至1 April 20X8,經(jīng)過了3年3個(gè)月,題目要求按月計(jì)提折舊,在處置當(dāng)天1 April 20X8:
Carrying amount=$130000-($130000*20%*3+$130000*20%*3/12)=$45500.
Loss on disposal=disposal proceeds - carrying amount=-$6300=disposal proceeds-$45500.
Proceeds=$39200.
(2)余額遞減法 reducing balance method:The reducing balance method based on the assumption that the benefits obtained by the business from using the asset decline over time.余額遞減法假設(shè)資產(chǎn)為企業(yè)帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益不是平均的,在購買的早期資產(chǎn)帶來的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益大,而在后期,隨著資產(chǎn)的逐步消耗,資產(chǎn)為企業(yè)帶來的收益緩慢減少。
余額遞減法在每年年初按照成本減去累計(jì)折舊的余額的百分比(折舊率)來計(jì)提折舊。
計(jì)算公式depreciation=(cost-accumulated depreciation)*X%。
余額遞減法下的depreciation charge as X% of the carrying amount of asset,余額遞減法下的折舊等于資產(chǎn)在期初的賬面價(jià)值乘一個(gè)固定的折舊率,這個(gè)比率往往會(huì)由題目給出,注意在余額遞減法下每年的折舊金額計(jì)算不考慮殘值,最后一年除外(最后一年的折舊金額采用倒擠的方式,已知最后一年的期初資產(chǎn)賬面價(jià)值和資產(chǎn)的殘值,倒推最后一年的depreciation=期初賬面價(jià)值-殘值)。
例題:
A company bought an asset on 20X4/1/1 for 400000. Depreciation was charged on a reducing basis at 20%. On 20X7/1/1, the asst is revalued to market value of 520000.
How much should be recorded in the revaluation reserve at 20X7/1/1?
答案:315200
解析:
解題關(guān)鍵詞:余額遞減法計(jì)提折舊。
X4/1/1-X5/1/1:
deprecation=400000*20%=80000,carrying value=320000;
X5/1/1-X6/1/1:
depreciation=320000*20%=64000,carrying value=256000;
X6/1/1-X7/1/1:
depreciation=256000*20%=51200,carrying value=204800.
Revaluation surplus=520000-204800=315200.
注意:余額遞減法下,折舊率保持不變,而基數(shù)隨著累計(jì)折舊的不斷增加,變得越來越小,導(dǎo)致后期的折舊費(fèi)用變小。
考點(diǎn)延伸:
在真實(shí)的FA考試環(huán)境中,除了單考折舊計(jì)算以外,題目也會(huì)結(jié)合固定資產(chǎn)入賬價(jià)值cost(作為折舊計(jì)提的基礎(chǔ)),重估增值以及PPE的movement公式進(jìn)行綜合考察。我們要著重留意以下幾點(diǎn):
(1)資產(chǎn)重估時(shí),累計(jì)折舊賬戶清零,重估后第一年的累計(jì)折舊就是該年度的折舊費(fèi)用。
(2)固定資產(chǎn)的初始計(jì)量,即折舊公式中的cost,主要包含:資產(chǎn)買價(jià),相關(guān)法律費(fèi)用,工程師費(fèi)用,裝卸費(fèi)及其他使固定資產(chǎn)達(dá)到可使用狀態(tài)所必須發(fā)生的費(fèi)用。
(3)計(jì)提折舊要從固定資產(chǎn)到達(dá)預(yù)定可使用狀態(tài)的時(shí)間點(diǎn)開始。
(4)Transfer excess depreciation to retained earnings(將重估后每年多計(jì)提的折舊轉(zhuǎn)入留存收益)是企業(yè)可以選擇的政策,不是強(qiáng)制的。
來源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫