在ACCA考試中,“variance analysis”(差異分析)一直作為高頻考點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)在各題目里,由于涉及的公式比較多,也使很多考生容易混淆。今天,會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)通過(guò)兩道經(jīng)典的案例題,將該知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行梳理。
考試題型1
A company manufactures a single product L, for which the standard material cost is as follows:
Material 14kg x $3
During July,800 units of L were manufactured. 12,000 kg of material were purchased for S33,600,of which 11,500kg were issued to production. SM Co values all inventory at standard cost.
What are the material price and usage variances for July?
信息梳理:
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)材料成本:
生產(chǎn)一個(gè)unit要用14kg原材料,每kg的材料成本為$3,所以生產(chǎn)一個(gè)unit的材料成本=14kg/unit*$3/kg=$42/unit;
實(shí)際生產(chǎn)量=800units
實(shí)際原材料采購(gòu)量=12000kg,實(shí)際原材料采購(gòu)成本=$33600
代入公式:
Material price variance=actual purchase/usage*standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg = 12000 * $3 - $33600 = 2400F
Material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg=(800*14-11500)*$3=900A
注意:
計(jì)算價(jià)差要用實(shí)際的原材料采購(gòu)量
計(jì)算出來(lái)的實(shí)際值小于預(yù)計(jì)值,說(shuō)明實(shí)際成本更低,對(duì)企業(yè)利潤(rùn)有利,是favourable variance,反之則是adverse variance
以上是第一種考試類型,給出條件要求計(jì)算出相應(yīng)的variance,接下來(lái)看第二種考試類型
考試題型2
There are some information of Gaodun Co as follws.
Material price variance:$5,600Favourable
Material usage variance:$1,800Adverse
Actual purchases:1,600kg
Total costs:$60,800
What was the standard material price per kg(to the nearest $0.01)?
信息梳理:
這個(gè)題目已經(jīng)把price variance和usage variance給出來(lái)了,同時(shí)還給出了實(shí)際原材料采購(gòu)量+1600kg和采購(gòu)原材料花費(fèi)的實(shí)際成本=$60800.
要求計(jì)算standard material price per kg,很多同學(xué)會(huì)不確定究竟是用price variance,usage variance還是用它們加總之后的total variance來(lái)計(jì)算,那首先我們從題目要求來(lái)判斷,題目要計(jì)算的是每kg的材料成本,那么根據(jù)total variance的公式,我們只能求出每個(gè)unit的材料成本,要得到每kg的材料成本就要知道
每個(gè)unit用多少原材料,但是題目并沒(méi)有給到這個(gè)條件,所以基本排除用total variance反求的情況. 那接下來(lái),不妨把price variance和usage variance的公式寫出來(lái)。
公式:
material usage variance=(actual unit*standard kg per unit-actual unit*actual kg per unit)*standard price per kg
material price variance=actual purchase / usage * standard price per kg-actual purchase/usage*actual price per kg
可以發(fā)現(xiàn),兩個(gè)公式都涉及standard price per kg,但是在usage variance中,還缺少actual production unit這個(gè)條件,所以利用usage variance是無(wú)法求得 standard price per kg的,那就只能用price variance
代入公式:
5600F=1600*standard price per kg-60800,注意差異是favourable的,說(shuō)明實(shí)際值小于預(yù)計(jì)值,那么1600*standard price per kg-60800=5600
解出standard price per kg=$41.50/kg
綜上可以發(fā)現(xiàn),在variable cost variance的相關(guān)題目中,同學(xué)除了要對(duì)公式很熟悉以外,做題的時(shí)候還要特別注意單位,那么之后無(wú)論是正算variance還是反求其中的單位成本,unit等,都可以很容易把分拿到。
來(lái)源:ACCA學(xué)習(xí)幫